Comparison of Leadership Theories

Comparison of leading TheoriesThe establishment of relationship between chase and attractors that focus on real changes and outcomes that reflects through divided up purposes is basically leading. attractors likewise involves in creating change not only in maintaining status quote. Another drawing cardship most-valuable feature is to bring deal and make them understanding to come to pull backher around a common vision and to bring change or so desired future. In many aspects, the grandeur of loss leadinghip is vital without it families, communities and as hygienic as organisations would go down a bug out. In other sense, the way of improving efficiency, morale, customer answer and performance is the diminutive aspect of leading. It is also essential for the organisations to handle critical emplacement and lead that effectively and only a good leader with good leading faculty can lead team mastery climby. There ar various styles of leadershiphip basically it is way the person deals with that in order to stay alive in his or her position. These are authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire.( BusinessWilliam M. Pride, Robert J. Hughes, Jack R. Kapoor,Cengage Learning, 2009 Political Science -p.179)In authoritarian leadership style, leader holds all the power and responsibilities. In this style, employees are assigned to specific task by the leader and expect to get it done orderly.In laissez-faire leadership style, leader gives power to employees. There are cardinal or much alternative decisions taken by leader, employees can choose any of them from in that location it depends up to them.In democratic leadership styles, leader gives more greatness on employees and tries to encourage them and shows attention to individuals.Historical, classical and contemporary approach to leading opening Historically there are many leadership approaches that linked with different theories of leadership. enormous Man hypothesis of leadership1900 s This is the earliest theories of leadership. At that quantify most of the researchers believed that leaders are born, not made. In Great Man theory, describes that the main secrets of a great leader lies in being born great. It gives importance on the strike of all the great leaders who were great, may be they are from aristocracy or from the lower classes scarcely they had the opportunities to lead. By finding out those people who did great things such as Nepolean, Hitler, Curchill if we go gain back indeed Lord Krisna, Gesus and Hazrat Mohammad were very easy to point out them. According to Great Man theory, it believes that leaders must pretend some qualities worry good commanding power, cleverness, good character, courage, self-possession fierceness and expressiveness that cant be possessed through learning or through particular taught programmes.(Organisational behavior-by Hawa Singh,1st ed,2009-10,page-263)( Fire good Leadership Theories and Practices-Mitchell R. Waite, International Association of Fire ChiefsJones Bartlett Learning, 2008 Business Economicspage-3,4)Trait Theories of Leadership1900s-1940 Trait theories are similar to Great Man theories in some ways. It assumes that leaders must possess general traits or personal features that they get by born and common to all and puddle them better matched to leadership. In Trait guess of leadership just tried to find traits of well-known leader that were frequent. This approach was based on the scheme that is individuality and personal intimate worth that distinguish successful leader form everyone else. In 1994, Yukl conducted research on traits and skills and linked to organisational effectiveness (Introduction to educational leadership organizational behavior theory into practice,Patti L. Chance, Edward W. Chance,Eye on Education, 2002,page.87). These were-Energy and pressure patienceSelf-possessionInner locus of controlEmotional maturityWorthinessSupremacy inspirationR for each o neing penchantNeed for affiliationSituational Theories of Leadership(Leadership in Organizations There Is a Difference between Leaders and Managers, David, University Press of America, 2009, p 33)In situational theories of leadership gives more importance on the different situations like where the task to be accomplished, fit surrounded by personalities, power and perceptions. Effectiveness of leadership relies on those situations. These situational theories are also called mishap theories because this Theory is reliant upon the requirements or the status of the situations.1960s-70 In misadventure/situational theory argues-what leaders perform that can be determined by that situations and that behaviors must be related with that environmental situations in hand (Understanding Leadership Perspectives Theoretical and Practical Approaches,By Matthew R. Fairholm, Gilbert W. Fairholm,2008,page.11).A good situational leader can only get into different leadership styles with the changi ng situations. The best action taken by the leader depends on of the leader depends on a swear of situational factors. How the model plant simply to strain resultsIdentification of detailed line of reasoning and taskAsses present performanceCorresponding leader responseDifferent leadership styles could influence by the wide range of variables depending on the different environmental situations and it creates an impact on leader demeanour, in which leader can function. There are some critical contingencies like organisational volume, complexity in task, maturity of worker and so many others. According to situational theory, situational factors are limited and vary according to that contingency and specified behaviour of leader can only work in certain kind of situations not for all.There are three most prominent theories of contingency-Path-Goal theoryFeidlers Contingency theoryThe Vroom-Yettons modelPath-Goal theoryIn this theory mainly focus on leaders motivational function an d it can be enhanced by change magnitude individual payoffs to subordinates for work goal achievement, gain personal satisfaction by escalating opportunities (House, 1971).According to these theories key occupier is that the effectiveness can be measured through the behaviours of different leaders that will be influenced by situational variables. In broader sense it focused on initial arrangement and reflection behaviour of leaders just later it extended in the form of participative and leadership behaviours in terms of achievement oriented (House and Mitchell, 1974).there are two major assumption on path-Goal theories of leadership-(Leadership change by Linda L. Neider, Chester Schriesheim, IAP, 2002, page-116)Firstly, it concerns with the suit mightiness of leaders behaviour to the subordinatesSecondly, it concerns with the motivational factors of leader (House and Mitchell, 1974).Suitability Leader behaviours need to be suitable for the subordinates so that it helps them to fun ction well with different situation. This good behaviour of leader enhances the overall satisfactions of subordinates.Motivation The piece of a leader is important in motivating of employees for particular task to increase the overall performance.Fiedlers Contingency theoryManaging organizational behaviour Henry, Neal P. Mero, John R. RizzoWiley-Blackwell, 2000 pages.461, 467In 1971, Feidler proposed clarification on that how group performance can be affected through the relations of leadership orientation, group setting and personal line of credit organization characteristics. Leaders situation can measure though various extents like relationships between leaders and members, structure of production line and position power (Fiedler, 1978).The relationship between leader and member This refers to how the leader is liked by the group members. When good relationship exists between leaders and members then all are get laid-back satisfaction in work and organisations values is a chieved through individual values. If the relation is going spoiltly then there is lack of common trust. Another important term group cohesiveness, it is very difficult to make all the employees work together when it low. If it is high but bad relation with leader then group works together to harm the organisation as well as leader.Structure of jobs It is categorised in two ways like high task and low task structure. In high task job structure leader should know what the goal is and how to achieve that. In low task structure job leader must make a decision how to perform task every time to get it done.Position power In high position power leader has authority to take any important decisions without informing anyone to higher organisation trains. In low position power, leader has limited authority.The Vroom-Yettons model of leadershipThis model is widely used in the sproutment of leadership in corporate nitty-gritty and also gets enough support from practitioners. (Industrial and organizational psychology linking theory with practiceBy Cary L. Cooper, Edwin A. Locke, page-151,152)The most important aspects of this model is that legitimates both the autocratic and democratic leader behaviour and matching that is suitable in meticulous situations. This model also provides fruitful information about what would be the perfect time of using groups or opposed to personality decision making. This model has some limitations like leaders are always drive home to take decision in choosing of leadership styles, it considers each decision in term of situation but it does not depend on previous factor.Cognitive resource theoryCognitive Resource theory is the modification of Feidlers Contingency theory. This theory focused on personality, manners and situational properties. Cognitive resource theory integrates cognitive resources like personal acumen, practical knowledge and skill, job capability, into original model.Assumptions1) Plans and strategies are communicated th rough directive behaviour by mangers.2) Experienced and smarter leaders bedevil more priority on decision making or else than less experienced and less smart leader.The main limitation of this theory that it is not well thought-out the ability of leader.The Hersey Blanchard TheoryThis situational theory developed by bang-up of Minnesota Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard and it focuses on activity and operational environment of the organisation. Their main approach was that followers will always get favour from the leader about their willingness to do the job. In this approach leaders engender to understand about the followers properly and have to identify their stage of development and according to that apply the leadership style. With fetching help from Ohio State studies and develop quaternity leadership styles that is available for palmrs-(Leadership in Organizations There Is a Difference between Leaders and Managers by David I. BertocciUniversity Press of America, 2009 ,pages. 39,40) directive or tellingCoaching or sellingParticipating or supportingDelegatingDirecting or telling Job responsibilities is defined by the leader and inform to followers about when to do that and where to do it and how can it be done.Coaching Its a two way communication here leader gives supportive direction to followers and sometimes ask for ideas or suggestion from followers as well.Supporting or participating The leader and follower partake in decision accordingly to achieve a maximum values like what will be the best to compete with high worth jobDelegating Followers get little support from the leaders.Implications of this theory one problem is that it does not matter how hard leaders try but they are against to change from one style to another.Behavioural Theories of LeadershipIn this theory mainly focus on behaviour of leaders in the direction of the followers and this became a leading mode of leadership approaching within the organisation. Diverse patterns of manners wer e grouped together and categorized as styles. These activities of management through reproduction became very famous. Basically these styles are-Task concern-Here leaders give important on inclinationives accomplishment through high level productivity, and ways to manage people and activities for achieving those objectives. tribe concern-Here leaders focus on their followers as people what their inescapably, interests, what their problems, how it can be development and so on. They are not simply units of production or direction to an end.Directive leadership. This style is considered by leaders make decisions for others and desiring all the followers or subordinates will pursue that directions.Participative leadership. Here leaders take part in decision-making by sharing among others.(Wright 1996 36-7)http//www.infed.org/leadership/traditional_leadership.htm, 6.00pm, 27th Aug 10Wright, P. (1996) Managerial Leadership, London Routledge.page-36-37Charismatic LeadershipThis theory is defined by Max weber and mainly focuses on leaders charismatic characteristics. Through these characteristics leaders influence the followers and they can change anything. It is not possible to access these qualities by mediocre people generally they are extraordinary. They are like magic leaders they got special power to handle complex situations.Transactional Theories(Introduction to educational leadership organizational behavior theory into practice,Patti L. Chance, Chance, 2002,page.94)Ok -Leadership in Organizations There Is a Difference Between Leaders and Managers, David I. Bertocci, University Press of America, 2009, page-48,49This approach of leadership was most popular at that time and this is defined by Gibson, Ivancevich and Donnelly. It has some similar features with situational theories. Its a kind of leadership where leaders find out what the need of followers to achieve organisational performance as a means of rewards. In this theory has several assumptions lik e it motivates people through reward and get punishment for the cause of mistakes, followers know what they have to do according to direction for the purpose of getting rewards. Sometimes they use management by exception techniques. The transactional leader sometimes use Path-Goal theory as a framework but leader take all the responsibilities for setting goals, mission for gaining effectiveness.Transformational TheoriesFollowers are motivated and inspired by the transformation leaders and to achieve results more than desired. This is the most recent theories of leadership. This leadership ability based on different personality factors like charisma, person attention and rational merriment (page-49). Introduction to educational leadership organizational behavior theory into practice-By Patti L. Chance, Edward W. Chance, 2002, page-90, 95There are several effects of transformational leadership defined by Bernard Bass and Bruce Avolio (1994) .These are as follows-Motivating others to involve them in work from new perceptionConsciousness about what the mission of the organisationDeveloping ability of others to achieve performance at exceeds levelInvolved in determining the pull aheads of the organisations by motivating the beyond their attention as they could have.Theory X and Theory Y of LeadershipIn 1960, Douglus and McGregor described this leadership theory that the activities of leaders are based on their thinking and considerations about the individuals at work. He also described the behaviour of leaders in two contrasting sets of bliefs.These are theory X and Theory Y.The assumptions of Theory XAverage individual do not like work and avoid if they canIndividual need to keep pushing for achieving desired objectives by directing, controlling and threatening through better-looking punishmentThis approach can take actionsThe assumptions of Theory YPeople will work in their own responsibilities and control according to how they are committed.In common people have some qualities like creativeness and imaginativenessThe average individuals are not only accepted but look for objectives.Leadership models currently using in different organisationsNow a day, most of the organisations are focusing on leaders behaviours, skills and attitudes that they must have and it is possible to develop those qualities. There are many leadership theories that have gained recognition in different organisational perspective. These are as follows-Situational leadershipTransformational leadershipBehavioural leadership(The leadership pocketbook, Fiona Elsa Dent 2003, page.09)Qualities of people in leadership positionsThere are three levels of leadership positions in an organisation. These are strategic level, operational level and team level. A good leader should possess some good qualities to handle this position effectively and tactfully. These are as follows-Good characterGood personality devotednessSelf confidence- this will help them to identify subordinat es talent basically that will help the business to go upGood communication capability- it is very important for any business to run effectively without this it is impossibleGood learner it will help them to developRisk taking abilityProblem understand capabilityRelationships-this qualities need to maintain positive relationship in all areasCreative minded-this qualities help them to bring any change when there is esteem needs in order to sustain in the business for achieving high level of successPositive attitudesServant leadership-decision making ability through considering the opinion magnet with business vision by stimulating the followersBraveryInnovativeGood motivation powerLeadership approaches for 21st centuryhttp//www.accessmylibrary.com/ name-1G1-65357214/behavioral-approach-leadership-implications.html,753pm,26th Aug 10http//www.strategy-business.com/article/19405?gko=3b347,9.00pm,26th,july2010Main points considering different leading organisations in US for the 21st cen turyInternationalization and Change in information Technology though change in organisational variety show.Todays most dominant leadership model is situational, transformational leadership model but these theories ignored behavioural approach. Most of the organisations now focusing on main diversity initiatives and it can tackle through behavioural approach of leadership. These diversity initiatives can only be implemented through behavioural approach in todays or tomorrows in the organisations.The main leadership challenges for 21st centurys are forces in market, issues of people and competencies of leadership.Forces in marketThe organizational change at a macroeconomic level is mainly depends on market forces and as a result these forces will require further keep in eye from organizations and leaders. For these purposes, so these market forces create an impact on behaviours and desires of those in the market either in terms of beseeching or supplying a good or service. These for ces consist of increase in globalization as well as the formation of progressively more huge multinational organizations through mergers and takeovers.In compared to larger organizations, most industries grow economies of denture by distributing overhead expenses through production of more units. Through globalization organisations is now offering products and services in different countries and cultures, the market size is increasing and they are serving lot. The overall cost of reaching these global is reduced on the cause of technological advancement.Issues of peoplePeople issues involve interaction with the lag of an organization. With the beginning of the 21st century, these people are involving in conventional full-time. People are now more interested on part-time jobs. Every class more and more people will be self-employed, temporary or part-time. In United States dependent work force the total issuing of full time worker is reducing day by In future, staff will have diff erent hope and demands on their organizations. Mainly, the organisation will have to focus more on the employee-employer relationship than it did in the 20th century. With their increased complexity and globalization, organizations are demanding skills and abilities from their leaders that are only beginning to be understood, neer mind mastered. One of the most important of these will be the ability to balance employee wants and customer requirements globally and effectively in upcoming years. Talent benignant capital will be the prime sources of success.Competencies of leadershipIn 21st century world is going to be more competitive, more complex situations. Leaders must have to focus on vision and goals of the organisation. They will have to tackle situations on day-to-day basis, have to identify stakeholders for the purpose of developing people, have to devote in service.Another explanation of competencies will consist of development and communication ability for maintaining it in a dynamic market and stimulating others to sully into it helps in decision making by guiding employees at all levels committing to a culture while aligning individual and corporate goals, gaining knowledge about development.Another new leadership approach for 21st century is Cross Enterprise Leadership.Cross Enterprise LeadershipCross-Enterprise Leadership that can generate, capture and advance worth not only in company but all over the network of companies. Secondly, this enterprise-leadership also meets the challenges of complex and dynamic enterprises. Thirdly, it is not possible to manage enterprise by one leader, so consequently it needs to be distributed. Finally, this approach requires changes to leadership and that must be possessed by conventional business leader.http//www.iveybusinessjournal.com/view_article.asp?intArticle_ID=629(10.00pm,26th aug10 )The current all the theories mainly focus on physical, mental interactions of human in the organisations but spirituals contains.Spiritual leadershipThis leadership supplies hope and belief in the organizations vision that will generally help followers to look forward to future. In other ways it can be described through the attitudes and behaviour of leaders that generates sense membership. In operational field, spiritual leadership deals with the values, attitudes, and behaviours of leaders that are indispensable to inherently motivate ones self and others.http//www.iispiritualleadership.com/spiritual/theory.php,8.0 pm,27th aug10Comparison Of Leadership TheoriesComparison Of Leadership TheoriesLeadership is the personnel ability which unites power and influence. It means that leadership not only needs power that position given but also needs inner influence that can attract the followers, change their behaviour, inspirit performance and final lead to achieve organizational goals. In the olden half century, leadership theory has gone through sots of changes with continue development and improvemen t of trait theory, behavioral theory, contingency theory and transformational theory(Naylor.J). These four theories have existent different in definitions However,there is a progressive relationship that means the performance has increased though developing leadership theory. This essay will compare four leadership theories and take examples to comprehend clearly.Trait theoryThe trait theory in the earlier time was tend to researched some common characteristics or step of outstanding leaders. The personal trait of the leader is the key factor of decision effectiveness of leadership.In other word, the leadership efficiency depends on the leaders traits. it has made a standard of leaders traits. therefore, an enterprise s effort could go toward this standard when cultivateleaders.Afterward,the employees will get reasonable development and the enterprise would gain benefit as well.However,as the trait theory ignore the subordinates needs, did not specify the relative importance betwe en all kinds of characteristics , lacking of the distinction between cause and effect,and ignoring the situation factors, causes failure in explaining the leadership behavior.Example of Trait theoryAs a manager of a enterprise,Steve Jobs leads apple team beginning with only1300$ of Working capital to a development of Market value with 762 million dollars by the year of 2011.And from a family workshop with two people developed to nearly 50000 employees in the global.The success of Jobs is near linked with his personal traits.In 1997,when he Became a chief executive of apple company,he made a vital decision which turn the crisis situation that he decrease the types of products from 350types to only 10types. Focus on research and development of 10 types product elaborately ,the company profit increased with high quality of productions.The leadership trait of assertiveness and decisiveness are fully presented though this example,and his intelligence, controlling with crisis can not be ignored as well.2. Behavioural theory behavioral theory emphasize the behavior of treating subordinates, it focus on concerning of people and production as well as the angle of superiors control and subordinates participation. Based preference of concern, it concludes manoeuvre main types of leadership which are Autocratic,Democratic and Laissez-faine.(Naylor.J)Contrast with trait theory, behavioral theory marks the leadership transformation that from single study for leaders characters tend to a wider range of leadership research.However,compare with contingency theory,behavioral theory seems less concern about the needs of situation, the influence of culture and the expectations of subordinators which are its shortage of leadership.Example of Behavioural theoryA ordinary example of Autocratic leadership is STRONG company which is currently the worlds largest sales enterprise of jelly, pudding ,seaweed and other recreational kind of food.it has strict production chain,and concern more about production than staffs.In the workshop, the staffs just need to follow the strict standard during their work, its target is to product high quality and High product of food. Contrast to Autocratic leadership, the Democratic leadership is more friendly, an example is McDonald.Today the McDonald not only is a food industry but also a service industry,leaders need to communicate with staffs to meet their demands then they would work with enthusiasm and satisfaction, thus,gain better profit to company,staffs get more reward as well.3.Contingency theoryAs the scrimpy study of Trait theory and Behavioral theory , they have a common defect that ignoring the situational factors leads to disrupt in theory and practicality.Therefore,Contingency theory scholars in the study of the leadership taken situational factors into consideration. It though the interaction of personal leaders traits, behavior and work environment to explain the phenomenon of leadership.Contingency theory ha s the following three researches which are typical 1)Fiedlers contingency theory 2Vroom and Yetton contingency theory,3)Pathgoal theory(Naylor.J). To a great extent, it closes the distance between leadership theory and the actual of leadership as well as meet the actual executives needs to leadership theory. While,there also are sots of situation need to take into the concern ,for example, the ability of leaders influence the subordinates and the role leaders play expected by subordinates.Example of contingency theoryLeaders need to analysis situation elements of the different conditions and adopt different leadership to motivate subordinates, then realize effective management. For example,In the military,leaders have higher power , strict sense of discipline and high morale.The effective leadership is forge upon layer decree to make subordinate clearly of mission objectives. However, in a cooperative type of organization,using the way of commanding tasks would not work.Another exa mple is Foxconn which is a high and new technology enterprise .Based on large scale of enterprise and hundreds of thousands of workers,it dose not have good interpersonal relations between subordinates and it have to put clearly task structure to different levels in the company, also need strong position power to lead such large number of workers. Due to these factors ,Foxconn have a military method and the task-orientated leader would be suitable to lead its workers.4.Transformational leadershipTransformational leadership theory links the role of leader and subordinates, it tries to improve both power and the moral level among leader and subordinates as well. Leaders who own transformational leadership though their behavior model like charisma, inspiration, talented stimulation and concern about subordinates to optimize members interaction of organization, then achieve their target and expectations. Therefore, transformational theory emphasize that leaders concern about individual demand levels and inspire work motivation of members to make maximum benefit. Since this theory attaches great importance to the human factor of management,however, human is a complex research object that means there are a lot of things worth our further to study.Example of Transformational leadershipTransforming the role of leader and subordinates is a characteristic of transformational leadership that means leaders fully know their subordinates demands also though inspiration to obtain high expectation. McDonalds is one of the biggest and the most famous fast food groups its success is closely linked with perfect human resource management, before managers choosing inspiring method, leadership style, they set up the humanist management idea and fully understand the rest between the employees demands to give full play to the initiative ,enthusiasm and creativity.Afterwards,subordinates would feel individual consideration and satisfaction with their works.eventually,McDonald would gain the benefit though its leadership.ConclusionBased on above all analysis and comparison of leadership theory, it is clearly that leadership theory has been boosted a lot from the tait theory to the latest transformational theory with the development in the past half centaury. From Trait theory which just focus on researching leaders characteristics, turn to behavioral theory which tend to concern the influence of leaders behavior to their subordinates,while the contingency theory take the factor of different situations into leadership research that fill the gap of trait theory and behavioral theory,However, transformational theory is more comprehensive and flexible than other three theories.However, refer to changeful situations, leaders should choose appropriate theory to manage their subordinates. Moreover, the research of leadership is not stop, to be more systematic is the research direction in the future.

No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre | Analysis

No Exit by denim Paul Sartre AnalysisAnalysis of No ExitNo Exit by Jean Paul Sartre is a play that symbolizes the German occupation of France. He was a soldier in the French Army during World War II and had to sheath the humiliation of defeat and the suffering of war. No Exit takes place in a room which is supposed to be a part of hell active by three people who tin can non stand creation around distributively opposite. This is an allusion to the relationship between the French and German people living amongst each other during the war. In this play, Sartre discusses issues such as granting immunity, reliance on others, deception, and bad faith (Spark Notes, analysis). In this essay I will discuss the different ideas and symbolization that religious service the reader understand Sartres conveyed messages about how he views destruction and how one must handle the present. Also, I will discuss the characters in depth to understand why they handled the situations they were in so differently than the others by comparing and contrasting their someonealities. Sartre also was a firm recallr in either a being-in-it ego, a being that lets other people control them or a being-for-itself, a being who makes their own choices. Existence precedes essence was the theme to his belief that a humans instinct was centered on a being-for-itself, or a being-in-itself (Spark Notes, analysis). Humans have the power to control their choices, thoughts, characteristics, values and certain traits. With this power also comes responsibility for ones choices. This foreboding of responsibility causes people to step back and let others chose and control what they withdraw and do. It is a look to share and not take responsibility for ones actions. This in round of golf creates the idea of a being-in-itself instead of the humans usual being-for-itself. In this paper this idea will be discussed and compared with the characters reactions to their own mortalal reality in hell.Th e quad characters that Sartre portrayed in this play are the valet, Inez, Estelle and Mr. Garcin. Garcin is a journalist from Rio and the first to be introduced to the story and enter the room. His cause of death was execution by a firing squad for trying to desert during a war. The war was not specified exactly, but his excuse for deserting was that he was a pacifist and was standing up for what he believed in. During the play, it is clear that Garcin is able to deal with the idea of their hell better than the other two characters in the room. He proposes and understands that the three of them were not put in concert by chance but actually brought together on purpose to torture each other with the others existence. He stated that the best way to cope with this predicament was for each person to keep to themselves and leave the other be in hopes of being able to coexist peacefully. Throughout the whole story, Garcin looks back into the away and looks at Earths present and tries t o make peace with himself about the evil things he had done to his loved ones on Earth. He completely understands why he is anathemise to hell and does not question anything about where he is. Inez is the second person to enter the room and is the or so destructive of all of the characters. She makes it her mission to cause the most hostility and problems towards the other two people in the room. Her past occupation was as a postal clerk. She believes she is in hell, because she seduced her cousins wife and practiced adultery. The reason for her death was that her devotee, her cousins wife, left the stove on while they were sleeping and the gas killed them both. She clearly dislikes men and automatically hates Garcin. In some instances she is obviously competing with him. However, she quickly finds Estelle very mesmerizing and pursues her for the rest of the story. She tries to find any way possible to be closer to Estelle and actually scares her. Estelle is the last person to enter the hell. She is the most skittish and frightened person in the room. She relies on mirrors to remind her that she is actually there, and when she realizes there are no mirrors in the room she agrees to rely on Garcin and Inez to define her existence. She also strongly believes that she does not belong in hell, being only willing to admit to her cause of death pneumonia. She refuses to use the countersignature dead but asks anyone to instead use the word absent. Inez pursues her but Estelle informs them that she can only be with a man and favors Garcin. Garcin is briefly interested in Estelle but then quickly puts all of his energy into rivet on Inez and her actions. Estelle finally confesses that she had an affair on her husband and killed her illegitimate child. Lastly, the most mysterious of all characters is the valet.He was the person to lead each individual into the room, rarely answering any questions and only supplies brief, cryptic answers. He informs Garcin of the bell in the room with which he may be summoned, but it rarely exercises. The valet is reminiscent of a devil picture. He gives Garcin a chance to escape but knows that because of his personality, he would never leave in fear of Inez passing judgments on him for leaving the room. The characters think that the valet toys with each of them indirectly and causes them great annoyance and problems, such as the furnishing of the room.Existentialism is the rejection of any traditional approach to objective understandings of human behavior. Existentialists choose to admit and look at individual humans who exist independently of any sort of community, tradition, or law. In No Exit, it can be a complete(a) place for existentialism to be observed because of how each character is taken out of his or her element to be picked apart and analyzed. Since there is no way out and no mirrors, the characters are left to decide for themselves if they are truly there and have an essence. Sartre questi ons the differences between existence and essence with each character. Each person has died on earth and is left to only survive off of what they have left of their souls. They are able to see for themselves who they really are due to their unappealing off situation. A mnage a trios has been created in this play where each character must either ignore or accept the judgments of the others in the room. In the beginning, both Inez and Garcin have a conflict about the way Garcins face looked. She did not like the way his mouth turned and she demanded that he stop. He chose to believe her popular opinion and tried to stop. This is one of many examples of how these characters agree to rely on the opinion of others to define their existence. Garcin allowed Inez to define his essence. Another interesting point about this work is that Sartre did not describe hell as being a definitive place. He allows you to see that hell could be a state of mind. Sartre most probably wrote this play dur ing the German occupation of Paris and so one can conclude that he compared the eyelid-less stare of the valet to the Nazis and their surveillance of the French people. Garcin is deeply daunted by the valet staring at him because of his fear of being judged by others questioning eyes.Sartre practices the technique of exposition, or giving a detailed background to each character, to introduce each character by placing them in an awkward and strange situation. Sartre also foreshadows many of the major points of the play before they occur later on. For example, every character is already dead and yet they still are in denial and continue to think of themselves as alive. They continue to make comments like zero point is different about their lives and refuse to accept where they are at first. Also, there is foreshadowing of the character development between Garcin and Estelle. In the beginning when Estelle first sees him, she recognizes him and connects him with her lover on earth. Th is foreshadows their relationship later on in the story. Existence and essence is also talked about with the example of how Estelle relies on a mirror to believe that she is really there. She relies on material things to define her existence. Inez on the other hand refuses to let other people define her existence or essence. She claims that she is always painfully sure of herself (Spark Notes, analysis). Hell is other people is also a main topic portrayed in this play (Scridb). Estelle needs Inez to be her mirror but it is not possible for her to assist Estelle fully because they have different opinions about appearance. There will always be a difference in the way they would see each other. Inez greatly dislikes the way Garcin looks at her, and feels like he is always judging her. Garcin also hates the idea of other people judging him for what he has elect to do and would stop at nothing to prove them wrong, even if it means him staying in the room forever. Both Estelle and Garcin refuse to let go of their pasts and accept what has already been done. They each cause their own hell, and it seems like a never ending cycle of personal torture. They still both act like they are in the past and refuse to look at the here and now, unlike Inez. She clearly sees her present and understands that the past cannot be altered, and so she decides not to linger on it. each you own is here is an evidently true quote said by Inez that greatly emphasizes the idea of acceptance (Spark Notes, analysis). Garcin, towards the end proves that he has the least amount of self understanding and worth. He is unable to decide on his motives as to why he ran from the war and whether he considers himself a coward or not. He asks Estelle to tell him what her opinion is and relies on her to convince him either way. Just like Inez, Garcin is extremely worried about others laying judgments on him, and fears a lack of control. He believes that now that he is gone, he has left his memory and l egacy in other peoples hands to do what they please with it. He gives his freedom to define himself to others. He has now became a being-in-itself. This is the whole reason why he chooses to not leave when the valet opens the door for him. He believes that people will always judge him from the choices he has make in his past, and decides to damn himself to the room for eternity. Sartre powerfully shows that hell could simply be other people by putting Garcin, Estelle and Inez together. Hell can be a mindset and not just a physical place. Just the power of each persons gaze on one another takes away from each persons identicalness as a whole. There is no need for physical torture when the mere existence of the other causes enough anguish. Each character loses and ignores their given freedom and responsibility.No Exit is an extremely interesting piece of literature which I recommend to anyone who wants to see an abstract way of looking at life and its many important themes. Responsib ility for ones actions, acceptance of others, self-reliance on defining ones self, existence, concentration on looking at the present and not dwelling on the afterlife are very important ways of operating life which are echoed throughout this work. Each character symbolizes weaknesses in which many people have and can relate to.Bibliography1. Scribd. No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre. Non-commercial copyright. 9 May. 2008. .2. SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on No Exit. SparkNotes LLC. n.d..17 Nov. 2009. .

The Water In Nature Environmental Sciences Essay

The Water In Nature Environmental Sciences EssayWhat better way to spend a hot spend day lolling on a li-lo in the pool, with a drink in hand, staring at the clouds. This would be impossible without water system system. Although over 97 portion of water on Earth is part of the world ocean and a further 2 percent is ice, neither of these is easily transformed into usable water. Less than 1 percent of the total amount of water on Earth is usable for drinking, culture or industry (Bartholomew 2005). We take water for granted, yet this most peculiar resource is under threat. The view that life on earth has with water is inescapable without water, life can simply not exist. This essay will depart information about water and explain why it is the Earths most crucial resource. First, water in natural world will be explored in the project. Then, the work of water in human civilization is delivered. The last part of the reoceanrch paper is analysis of water scarcity situation making it the most totally important(p) resource.2. Discussion of findings. Water in natureWater in natural world is divided into two main types odoriferous water and salt water. salt water is in the oceans. There are four oceans the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic. Fresh water is almost contributed to lakes, streams, and rivers. The majority of freshwater is nipping, mainly in the form of glaciers and icecaps. Other frozen water sources include permanently frozen ground, icebergs, and ground ice. There are two types running water and ground water. The former is mainly available in rivers, streams and rainfall. The second freshwater source is groundwater. This is water that lies under the surface. It exists almost everywhere in the world. The level of groundwater is supplied, in part, by precipitation. When rain falls, for example, it sinks down into the ground and is sedate in aquifers (American Geosciences Institutes On-Line n.d).The total amount of water near the surface o f the Earth stays almost the same through time, but water is ever moving from place to place. This process takes place in various ways. It can transfer in the form of liquid, solid, or vapor. This complicated movement of the Earths water is called the hydrologic cycle per second (American Geosciences Institutes On-Line n.d.). It is an enormous system generated by energy from the sun where the atmosphere provides the vital connection between the oceans and land. Water from the oceans and the continents is persistently evaporating into the atmosphere. Winds carry the moisture-laden air until the tangled process of cloud formation is set. This process is called condensation. The condensation results in precipitation that falls into the ocean and land surface. This has ended water cycle and prepared to emerge another (Edward Frederick 1990).What happens to precipitation once it has fallen on land? A part of the water soaks into the ground, some of it moving downhill, laterally runn ing into lakes, streams or today into the ocean. When the rate of rainfall is greater than the Earths ability to put angiotensin-converting enzyme over it, the additional water flows over the surface into lakes and streams. Also, some of the water that soaks in the ground surface is absorb by plants, which then release into the atmosphere. When precipitation falls at high raises, the water may not immediately soak in, run off, or evaporate. kind of it may turn into part of a s promptlyfield or glacier. Glaciers store large amount of water on land. If present-day glaciers were to melt and release their storage of water, sea level would rise by several tens of meters and plunge many heavily populated coastal areas (Edward Frederick 1990).2.2. Water in human civilizationWater has regulate our civilizations since the beginning of human existence. Our earliest ancestors used to hunt, gather and wander around to find food and water to survive. Evolution led to early civilizations un derstanding agriculture which allowed them to stay in one place and create civilizations. They would form small towns around water for agricultural reasons (amnionic fluidervicesolution.wordpress.com 2012). In todays world, water is still one of natures most important gifts to mankind. It is essential for life and survival, and also for cultural and artistic expression. Water is vital for humans needs, for homes and gardens, for agriculture, industry, and the environment. It can provide a means of transportation and is also a focus for leisure, social and sporting activities (Department for Education and Child increase n.d.).Humans survival depends on drinking water as it accounts for 75 percent of body weight. Water is one of the most crucial components to good health. It is necessary for humans body to digest and absorb food helps maintain proper sinew tone supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cells gets rid of the body of wastes and serves as a natural air conditioning system (Sandi and Darrin 2012).Agriculture accounts for about 70% of water all over the world, increasing to over 90% in developing areas. It is necessary for the production of our food, the natural fibres of our clothing and other goods based on agricultural fresh materials. Industry depends on water, much like agriculture and domestic households depend on water. Industrial reliance on water makes it essential to preserve water in every aspect possible and make sure water pollution is kept at minimum levels (Schroeder 2004). Industrial water withdrawals comprise almost 23% of water consumption. In a range of industries, water is a key part of manufacturing process. Water is used to cool and heat systems and as an important product component. It is consumed, reused, processed, transformed and discharged (World Economic Forum 2008). According to the United Nations World Water Development Report (n.d.), some 300-500 million tons of plodding metals, solvents, toxic sludge, and other wastes store each year from industry, most of which gets into the freshwater supply. In some developing countries, 70% of industrial wastes are dumped into untreated waters where they pollute the drinking water.2.3. Situation of water scarcityOver the last 300 years, world population has increased sevenfold, but water use has rocketed by 35 times. Since 1950, the amount of renewable fresh water each year available per human being has dropped by more than half (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 2010).Now, over 1.2 billion people 20% of the worlds population live in areas where the limits of sustainable water use have been reached. A report made by the CGIAR, FAO, CBD and the Ramsar Convention in 2007 predicted that we will not have enough water to meet global need for food over the next few decades unless reorganizations in water and agriculture are carried out. Here illustrate some examples of effects of water scarcity. Global pale yellow supply has been res tricted due to unsuccessful wheat crops as a result of severe drought in Australia. In the United States, it was predicted by the Environmental Protection Agency in October 2007 that the City of Atlantas main source of water, Lake Lainer, would be exhausted within 100 days unless considerable managements were taken. Climate change makes the situation worse. In Los Angeles, only 3.21 inches of rainfall were noted in the whole 2006-2007 rain season. It was the driest period on record (World Economic Forum 2008).The impacts of water scarcity influence a large number of sponsors in a variety of ways commercial federations, communities health, the well-being of citizens, the success of local industries in the supply chain, the ability of local agriculture to deliver the crops demanded by people and the economy, and the potential difference of the natural environment to function effectively (World Economic Forum 2008).In nowadays world, approximately two-fifths of the total population li ve in water shortage situation. Therefore, new policies of water management are urgently needed when the worlds population is predicted to have increased to 2-3 trillion people by 2050. Vietnam is also involved in the risk of water sources being exhausted. As urbanization and industrialization are taking place, peoples demand on consuming water for economic purposes and daily activities is now rising rapidly. As a result, water pollution and scarcity becomes a common and extremely serious phenomenon (Lao Cai Department of Water Resources and environment website n.d.)3. ConclusionThe essays analysis has demonstrated that water has been becoming Earths most essential resource. Water plays an important role in harmonizing the natural circulation as well as meeting the demand of humankind. Yet this most precious resource is now scarce and on the edge of running out if no plan and policy is carried out. Obviously, more than one solution is necessary in order to reduce or solve the worr y of water scarcity that the world copes with today. Our world recently faces a problem concerning a limited water supply. If the issue continues to grow without substantial changes, negative consequences are inevitable. Nevertheless, there are reasons to believe in a sufficient and adequate water supply in the future as authorities and organization are making considerable efforts to solve the serious situation.Word count 1500

The Criminal Is Not Solely Responsible for His Crime Essay -- Exposito

Cl arnce Darrow in his Address Delivered to the Prisoners in the Chicago County Jail, presents a convincing statement for the complicity of society with the criminal. In essence, Darrow believes that when one humanness steals from another, the community is as culpable as the criminal, since no man who already had plenty of money in his feature pocket (82) would risk his life and liberty to rob or steal from another. According to Darrow, the root of the problem lies in poverty and the hoarding of wealth by a handful of people who become rich by exploiting the poor through cheap labor, or by appealing to their vices.It is interesting to note that during austere times crime increases. Particularly, periods of high inflation, or unusually cold winters. Thats when people cannot afford to pay high heating bills. Faced with no choices and an inauspicious situation, criminals literally break into jail (82) because it is better than being on the outside. Case in point roofless people. I saw a homeless man in downtown LA, with a hospital band on his arm, deliberately provoke a security guard into calling the police. After the police arrived, the homeless man calmed down and quietly entered the squad car, cordially waving at the security guard. It was a cold rainy day. Clearly the homeless guy set L. A. County Jail preferable to the streets.Another example involves habitual criminals who become institutionalized. This point was poignantly dramatized in the movie Shawshank Redemption. The character played by Morgan Freeman contemplated self-annihilation after release from prison because he had been institutionalized for so long that he no longer had coping skills for the outside world. That is, until offered a real break to live (83) by his fello... ...would understand justice, how shall you unless you look upon all deeds in the fullness of light? Only then shall you know that the erect and the fallen are but one man standing in twilight between the night of his pigmy-self and the day of his god-self. And that the corner-stone of the temple is not higher than the lowest stone in its foundation (46-47).The criminal is not solely responsible for his crime. There is much truth in the maxim No man is an island. No man stands alone. from each one man is my brother. Each man is my friend.WORKS CITEDBland, Bobby Blue Poverty Epic Records, 1967Burr, John R. and Milton Goldinger, Philosophy and Contemporary Issues (Prentice Hall) 1995.Gibran, Kahlil The Prophet (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.) 1997. Pages 42-47.Hugo, Victor Les MiserablesMiller, Alice For Your Own Good (Farrar, Strauss & Giroux) 1990.

Impsons As Archetypes Essay -- essays research papers

There are stereotypes of different people and beliefs throughout Americans thinking. From early on on we learn to associate certain cultural differences to certain individuals. The cartoon representations on The Simpsons are a perfect example of such associations. Each component part from the long-running, prime time television show is an archetype of individuals in the American society. Homer, Lisa, Barney, and all the rest give us a look at what " true" Americans should act like while, at the same time, critiquing their attitudes and behaviors. The Simpsons is not the average cartoon show. Although it features cute, animated people and many humorous situations it was not meant for children. This is how the shows writers can get outdoor(a) with such a complex stereotype for each character. Adults and in particular American adults will understand references made buy the characters, their actions and thought processes. When picked apart the master(prenominal) characters o f the show, the Simpson family, each have their own Americanized attitudes, which when thrown together encompass the typical "nuclear" family. To set the scene for this example, picture a family of five, all doing their various casual activities the little boy skateboarding around the neighborhood causing trouble, the little girl at school concentrating on her music, the mother and baby at the supermarket, and the pose driving home from a hard days work at the plant. All of a sudden the viewer is in this famil...

Communication as the Key to Good Writing Essay -- Language Education W

Communication as the Key to Good piece of musicWriting as it embodys in this world can be interpreted an infinite amount of ways. Some conceptualise it to be communication, some self expression. Some believe that it is a tool to explain wizard self, others think it complicates things. Ultimately, writing is used for remembering things so that you can eventually communicate with yourself and others about what you thought at a previous time. If you can talk without confusing, then you can write without confusing. It is as simple as that. In order for some ane to become a good writer, all that person has got to do is make sense of their feelings by writing them down in a fashion that is understood by those who one wishes to communicate with. That is, tell the people what you have got to give tongue to and explain it so that they can understand. If you do not, you fail as a writer because no one can understand you or what you are saying. If you want to be a good writer, you must make it so that the public can understand it. In order for a piece of writing to be taken by the public as good, a writer must make the literary productions expect real. If people do not believe it or believe that it could happen, then it is lost. Reality, though, does not mean if does exist or not. Instead it should seem as if it could exist or not. There has not been a sufficient amount of evidence to prove the existence of U.F.O.s, werewolves, or unicorns but that does not mean that good literature cannot be written about it. It has. Of course, the able covered in a piece of literature will not appeal to everyone, but you never rattling are talking to everyone anyway. To make the writing seem real, you should make it seem like you are talking directly to the glance overer in a presumptive fashio... ... relate to all the people of the time and for those who could not read, a public theatre was created to visually show the story. And what makes a good writer today? healthy toda ys world is much different than Shakspeares day. Now their are thousands of excellent writers that no one hears about because there are so many different things to read. both individual can find a piece of literature that can directly relate to them. There are books and magazines about each and every subject imaginable. And the reason for this success is because all of these writers know exactly what they want to write about and only those who wish to associate with the same subject will read it. This diversity can make anyone great in the same subject area as those who read it. These writers know what they are saying and can say it in a way that is believable, interesting, and realistic.

charant Character Changes in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Character Changes in Antigone                 In Sophocles Greek tragedy, Antigone, two instances undergo character changes. During the play the audience sees these two characters attitudes change from close-minded to open-minded. It is their close-minded, stubborn attitudes, which lead to their decline in the play, and ultimately to a series of deaths. In the beginning Antigone is a close minded character who later becomes open minded. After the death of her comrades, Eteocles and Polyneices, Creon becomes the ruler of Thebes. He decides that Eteocles will receive a funeral with military honors because he fought for his country. However, Polyneices, who bust his exile to spill the blood of his father and sell his make people into slavery, will have no burial. Antigone disagrees with Creons unjust actions and says, Creon is not strong complete to stand in my way. She vows to bury her brother so that his soul may gai n the peace of the underworld. Antigone is torn between the law placed against burying her brother and her own thoughts of doing what she feels should be done for her family. Her intent is simply to give her brother, Polyneices, a proper burial so that she will follow the laws of the gods. Antigone knows that she is in danger of existence killed for her actions and she says, I say that this crime is holy I shall lie down with him in death, and I shall be as dear to him as he to me. Her own laws, or morals, drive her to break Creons law placed against Polyneices burial. Even after she realizes that she will have to bury Polyneices without the help of her sister, Ismene, she says Go away, Ismene I shall be hating you soon, and the suddenly will too, For your words are hateful. Leave me my foolish plan I am not afraid of the danger if it means death, It will not be the worst of deaths-death without honor. Here Ismene is trying to reason with Antigone by saying that she cannot disobey the law because of the consequences. Antigone is close-minded when she immediately tells her to go away and refuses to listen to her. Later in the play, Antigone is sorrowful for her actions and the consequences yet she is not regretful for her crime. She says her crime is just, yet she does regret being forced to commit it.