Communication as the Key to Good Writing Essay -- Language Education W

Communication as the Key to Good piece of musicWriting as it embodys in this world can be interpreted an infinite amount of ways. Some conceptualise it to be communication, some self expression. Some believe that it is a tool to explain wizard self, others think it complicates things. Ultimately, writing is used for remembering things so that you can eventually communicate with yourself and others about what you thought at a previous time. If you can talk without confusing, then you can write without confusing. It is as simple as that. In order for some ane to become a good writer, all that person has got to do is make sense of their feelings by writing them down in a fashion that is understood by those who one wishes to communicate with. That is, tell the people what you have got to give tongue to and explain it so that they can understand. If you do not, you fail as a writer because no one can understand you or what you are saying. If you want to be a good writer, you must make it so that the public can understand it. In order for a piece of writing to be taken by the public as good, a writer must make the literary productions expect real. If people do not believe it or believe that it could happen, then it is lost. Reality, though, does not mean if does exist or not. Instead it should seem as if it could exist or not. There has not been a sufficient amount of evidence to prove the existence of U.F.O.s, werewolves, or unicorns but that does not mean that good literature cannot be written about it. It has. Of course, the able covered in a piece of literature will not appeal to everyone, but you never rattling are talking to everyone anyway. To make the writing seem real, you should make it seem like you are talking directly to the glance overer in a presumptive fashio... ... relate to all the people of the time and for those who could not read, a public theatre was created to visually show the story. And what makes a good writer today? healthy toda ys world is much different than Shakspeares day. Now their are thousands of excellent writers that no one hears about because there are so many different things to read. both individual can find a piece of literature that can directly relate to them. There are books and magazines about each and every subject imaginable. And the reason for this success is because all of these writers know exactly what they want to write about and only those who wish to associate with the same subject will read it. This diversity can make anyone great in the same subject area as those who read it. These writers know what they are saying and can say it in a way that is believable, interesting, and realistic.

charant Character Changes in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Character Changes in Antigone                 In Sophocles Greek tragedy, Antigone, two instances undergo character changes. During the play the audience sees these two characters attitudes change from close-minded to open-minded. It is their close-minded, stubborn attitudes, which lead to their decline in the play, and ultimately to a series of deaths. In the beginning Antigone is a close minded character who later becomes open minded. After the death of her comrades, Eteocles and Polyneices, Creon becomes the ruler of Thebes. He decides that Eteocles will receive a funeral with military honors because he fought for his country. However, Polyneices, who bust his exile to spill the blood of his father and sell his make people into slavery, will have no burial. Antigone disagrees with Creons unjust actions and says, Creon is not strong complete to stand in my way. She vows to bury her brother so that his soul may gai n the peace of the underworld. Antigone is torn between the law placed against burying her brother and her own thoughts of doing what she feels should be done for her family. Her intent is simply to give her brother, Polyneices, a proper burial so that she will follow the laws of the gods. Antigone knows that she is in danger of existence killed for her actions and she says, I say that this crime is holy I shall lie down with him in death, and I shall be as dear to him as he to me. Her own laws, or morals, drive her to break Creons law placed against Polyneices burial. Even after she realizes that she will have to bury Polyneices without the help of her sister, Ismene, she says Go away, Ismene I shall be hating you soon, and the suddenly will too, For your words are hateful. Leave me my foolish plan I am not afraid of the danger if it means death, It will not be the worst of deaths-death without honor. Here Ismene is trying to reason with Antigone by saying that she cannot disobey the law because of the consequences. Antigone is close-minded when she immediately tells her to go away and refuses to listen to her. Later in the play, Antigone is sorrowful for her actions and the consequences yet she is not regretful for her crime. She says her crime is just, yet she does regret being forced to commit it.

Essay --

Over the past decade it has been recorded that the elephant population has dropped by 62%. In 1977, 1.3 million elephants roamed the great plains of Africa. By 1997, only 60 g-force remained and by 2006, there were only 10 thousand wild elephants left in Africa. Unfortunately, these numbers are not getting any better. Today elephant track down is illegal, however that is not stopping it from happening. Both African and Asian elephants are still being killed for their valuable tusks. The tusks of elephants are created of ivory. This has been an extremely valuable substance for age and killing elephants is one of the few ways people can obtain it. Money drives our world and our economy, so people will do a chew in order to get the money they want. Thats not the only cause of this epidemic, though. Not only do poachers want the elephants large tusks, but some hunters also consider elephants as a trophy animal. This means that people are killing elephants so they can bring them ho me and instal their heads on display. Its a way to gloat and illustrate their hunting skills. This pursuit of ivory and trophies by hunters is further damaging our ecosystem as well as the mental and emotional stability of elephants around the world.Research has now been able to help prove that elephants do not only suffer Physical disability from poaching, but they are also suffering from mental and emotional damage. After years of studying these enormous beauties, scientists suck in discovered that elephants are capable of mixed thought and deep feeling of emotions, emotions being plural. Research has proven that elephants have a variety of emotions that they express during different times and situations in the wild. They react to events in a way that is so cl... ...a huge accomplishment to take down one of the biggest animals in the world. It illustrates the hunters strength, patience, and talent. Most trophy hunters would love to have an elephant to show. Hunts are usually supervised by a game warden. A technician also accompanies the hunters in order to make legal trophies, usually from the tusks and the feet. The meat of the elephants is break up among local people in the area. This helps decrease waste from the elephant and helps use more than just the ivory. In some regions of Africa, large game hunts may help to also generate more income to average and below average villages than conventional agriculture. This is usually due to the challenging environment for successful crop growth. Drought has recently been a growing cause of these poor conditions. It is affecting the people, and the animals in this habitat greatly.

schwarzenegger and fiscal policy Essay -- essays research papers

Californias Re humansan governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, outlined a budget proposal January 9 that constitutes a massive assault on health, educational activity and other social service course of instructions upon which one thousand millions of people in the present rely.The $99 billion budget is aimed at eliminating a $14.3 billion gap between expected tax revenues and expenditures. It provide include $4.6 billion in cuts, $1 billion in fund shifts from gas taxes (by postponing road construction projects) and an additional $2 billion reduction in education spending. In addition, the budget mandates a $729 million cut from higher education and a $165 million reduction from child-care programs for school goers.The budget also forces state employees to pay an additional five percent of their wages into their pensions, to pay mangle state borrowing. Nearly one-tenth of the state budget gap will be shifted to local governments, as $1.3 billion in property taxes due to cities and counties will be siphoned off to the state.There will also be a severe reduction in health and welfare services, in a state where six million residents have no health insurance and 60 hospitals have shut over the last decade. Administration officials admit that more than 110,000 abject Californians will lose health insurance due to the cuts, which include $880 million from Medi-Cal and $10 million from public health services. The states welfare program for mothers with dependent childrenCal-Workswill lose $790 million, while $126 million will be slashed from in-home services, $134 million from Supplemental Income payments and an additional $800 million from other health services.It is concentrated to exaggerate the human impact of the proposed budget. Counties, already strapped for cash, will be forced to lay off thousands of employees. The budget will reduce public assistance benefits for 481,000 execrable families, including childcare services, while stiffening work requirement s. Enrollment for the state universities will be capped and those that enter will hardihood increasing costs and few and smaller grants. Health services for the young and poor will be capped. Programs will be curtailed at youth correctional facilities.Under conditions in which 1.13 million people are unemployed in the state and a record number of families have been dropped from employer-provided health insurance, cities and counties will be forced to engage in y... ... to stave off even greater cuts. Several other unions are also negotiating concessions with the governor.During last summers recall campaign Schwarzenegger concealed from the public the type of measures he would take if he reached the governors mansion. Instead he promised to eliminate the deficit by auditing the government and finding waste. While swelled no specifics about his program he suggested he would not cut education or basic services for the poor. The news media also concealed this earth and gave its ful l support to the recall election and Schwarzeneggers candidacy, which it generally hailed.The Socialist Equality Party opposed the recall campaign as an attempt by the Republican Party to subvert democratic processes and impose a right-wing agenda rejected by the voters less than a year before. The SEP ran its sustain candidate in the recall campaign, John Christopher Burton, to present a socialist alternative for working people. The SEP campaign warned that whether Davis or Schwarzenegger prevailed, the working class would face drastic attacks on jobs, living standards and public services. This warning is now being confirmed in the actions of both big business parties.

The Subject of Love in Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter :: Rappaccinis Daughter Essays

The Subject of Love in Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter Many spend their entire life looking for true love. It is that one love between a man and a woman that spurred spin-off stories of every kind for us to watch on TV or to record in books. Rappaccinis Daughter is a perfect example of this age old search for an inner peace, believed only to be found in a birth with that perfect person. Giovanni sought this peace and believed he had found the one for him. Unfortunately, Giovanni was only led into disap stagement after overcoming the obstacles that were in his was and then losing her after the fact. All of this leaves a question to be abswered is it better to have love and lost than to have never loved at all? Giovanni felt a need to undertake love in his life, only to find a young lady that inded caused him to seek her out. This young lady was of course Dr. Rappaccinis daughter, Beatrice, whom Giovanni first saw in the garden below from his window. This was only th e beginning of the always painstakingly brutal process that two people encounter as they start on their journey toward the existent in love stage. Fortunatley for Giovanni, Beatrice did take a special interest in him. Beatrice came from a rather background. Her father had raised her as one of his many experiments. The nightfall to this was the fact that she was a walking, talking poisonous flower created by Rappaccini, just like his other poisonous plants. Giovanni did not know this however. It was without this knowledge that he prosecute her and they became well acquainted to each other. It would not be until later that Giovanni would find out this truth that few knew about. Giovanni was overwhelmed with this relationship that he had acquired with Beatrice. Their lives had almost come to the point of living and breathing each other. This is actually one of the first clues to Beatrices lifelong handicap. It is her breath Giovanni notices that has such a angelic ar oma to it, just as sweet as that of the aroma released from one of her fathers plants. Giovanni had also noticed, the first day he peered into the garden, that Beatrice had touched and sniffed of all the plants which her father was so careful not to get final stage to or touch.

Nuclear Waste Management Essay -- essays research papers

Nuclear Waste ManagementNuclear energy harnesses the energy released during the change integrity orfusing of atomic nuclei. This heat energy is most often used to convert waterto steam, turning turbines, and generating electricity.However, nuclear energy also has many disadvantages. An casing thatdemonstrated this was the terrible incident at Chernobyl. Here on April 26,1986, one of the reactors of a nuclear power plant went out of control andcaused the worlds worst cognize reactor disaster to date. An experiment that was non properly supervised was conducted with the water-cooling system turned off.This led to the uncontrolled reaction, which in turn caused a steam explosion.The reactors preventative covering was blown off, and approximately 100 millioncuries of radionuclides were released into the atmosphere. Some of theradiation spread across northern Europe and into Great Britain. Sovietstatements indicated that 31 wad died because of the accident, but the numberof radiatio n-caused deaths is still unknown.The same deadly radiation that was present in this explosion is alsopresent in spent fuels. This presents special problems in the handling, storage,and disposal of the depleted uranium. When nuclear fuel is first loaded into areactor, 238U and 235U are present. When in the reactor, the 235U is graduallydepleted and gives rise to fission products, generally, cesium (137Cs) andsteradian (90Sr). These lavishness materials are very unstable and have to undergoradioactive disintegration before they can be transformed into stable isotopes.Each radioactive isotope in this waste material decays at its characteristicrate. A half-life can be less than a second or can be thousands of years long.The isotopes also emit characteristic radiation it can be electromagnetic (X-ray or gamma radiation) or it can consist of particles (alpha, beta, or neutronradiation).Exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation causes characteristicpatterns of injury. Doses are measur ed in rads (1 rad is equal to an amount ofradiation that releases 100 ergs of energy per gram of matter). Doses of more thanthan 4000 rads severely damage the human vascular system, causing cerebral edema(excess fluid), which leads to extreme shock and neurological disturba... ...relatively low in cost compared to storage in a pool of water andcan be moved around if necessary. A nonher way to dispose of radioactive wastesis through geologic isolation. This is the disposal of wastes enigmatical within thecrust of the earth. This form of disposal is attractive because it appears thatwastes can be safely isolated from the biosphere for thousands of years orlonger. Disposal in mined vaults does not require the use of advancedtechnologies, rather the application of what we know today. It is possible tolocate mineral, rock, or other bodies beneath the surface of the earth that willnot be subject to groundwater intrusion. A preferred place would be at least1,500 feet below the earths cr ust, so that it may avoid erosion for thespecified diaphragm of time. None of the preceding methods offers a completesolution to the problem of nuclear waste. They only bury it, temporarilyshoving it out of our current view for a latter(prenominal) generation to solve. Maybe thefuture inhabitants of this world will find a solution to this problem, for as wechose to continue the use of nuclear power, more and more waste will beaccumulated, emitting deadly radiation long after we pass away.

Nuclear Waste Management Essay -- essays research papers

Nuclear Waste ManagementNuclear energy harnesses the energy released during the splitting orfusing of atomic nuclei. This heat energy is most often used to convert waterto steam, turning turbines, and generating electricity.However, nuclear energy also has many disadvantages. An event that demo this was the terrible incident at Chernobyl. Here on April 26,1986, one of the nuclear reactors of a nuclear power plant went out of control andcaused the worlds worst known reactor disaster to date. An experiment that wasnot properly supervised was conducted with the water-cooling system turned off.This led to the uncontrolled reaction, which in turn caused a steam explosion.The reactors protective cover version was blown off, and approximately 100 millioncuries of radionuclides were released into the atmosphere. Some of theradiation spread across northern Europe and into Great Britain. Sovietstatements indicated that 31 people died because of the accident, precisely the numberof radiation -caused deaths is still unknown.The same deadly radiation that was present in this explosion is alsopresent in spent fuels. This presents special problems in the handling, storage,and garbage disposal of the depleted uranium. When nuclear fuel is first loaded into areactor, 238U and 235U are present. When in the reactor, the 235U is graduallydepleted and gives rise to fission products, generally, cesium (137Cs) andstrontium (90Sr). These waste material materials are very unstable and have to undergoradioactive disintegration before they can be transformed into stable isotopes.Each radioactive isotope in this waste material decays at its characteristicrate. A half-life can be less than a second or can be thousands of eld long.The isotopes also emit characteristic radiation it can be electromagnetic (X-ray or gamma radiation) or it can consist of particles (alpha, beta, or neutronradiation).photo to large doses of ionizing radiation causes characteristicpatterns of injury. Doses ar e measured in rads (1 rad is equal to an amount ofradiation that releases 100 ergs of energy per gram of matter). Doses of morethan 4000 rads soberly damage the human vascular system, causing cerebral edema(excess fluid), which leads to extreme shock and neurological disturba... ...relatively low in cost compared to storage in a pool of water andcan be moved around if necessary. Another way to dispose of radioactive wastesis through geologic isolation. This is the disposal of wastes deep inside thecrust of the earth. This form of disposal is attractive because it appears thatwastes can be safely isolated from the biosphere for thousands of years orlonger. Disposal in mined vaults does not demand the use of advancedtechnologies, rather the application of what we know today. It is possible tolocate mineral, rock, or other bodies beneath the surface of the earth that leave behindnot be subject to groundwater intrusion. A preferred place would be at least1,500 feet below the earths crust, so that it may avoid erosion for thespecified period of time. no(prenominal) of the preceding methods offers a completesolution to the problem of nuclear waste. They only bury it, temporarilyshoving it out of our current view for a latter extension to solve. Maybe thefuture inhabitants of this world will find a solution to this problem, for as wechose to continue the use of nuclear power, more and more waste will beaccumulated, emitting deadly radiation long after we pass away.

Introduction to K Means Analysis for Stock Portfolio Essay

1. Background1 Investment decisions are about making choice. Investors need to decide what summation to be invested. This is an consequential decision beca expend these assets are the means by which investors transfer todays purchasing power to the future. In effect, investor must decide on a portfolio of asset to own. A portfolio is simply a combination of assets designed to serve as store of value. Poor management of these assets may destroy the portfolios value, and investor will hence not achieve their fiscal goals.There are many assets like stocks, bonds, derivatives that investors may include in the portfolio. In Hong Kong, stock portfolio is the most common investment. still what stocks have higher return? What stocks are risky? What stocks in the portfolio that it has higher return? Many investors may use fundamental analysis to analysis pecuniary data for answering above questions. In the last decade, some researches applied data mining techniques on financial market. D ata mining is the process of mechanically discovery useful information in large data repositories. It can be used to support a wide range of business give-and-take applications such as customer profiling, targeted marketing, store layout.2. Motivation In the States, there are some research papers2 about applying bunching technique on America financial market. For example, using Self-organizing map(SOM) to cluster stocks and financial ratio for fundamental analysis, using SOM to find the valuable stock. These all researches indispensableness to find the character of the stocks.However, most these researches use SOM clustering technique, and focus on America financial market. It seems that few researches do similar thing in Hong Kong stock market. Moreover, these researches only want to find the characteristic of stocks. In real case, investors will not only purchase one stocks. They will construct a stock portfolio to eliminate the risk.So I want to apply similar approach on Hong Kong stock market and change the clustering technique to K-means, not SOM. And I not only want to cluster the stocks, but also the portfolio. I want to cluster many combinations of the portfolio as I can to find the characteristic of several(predicate) combinations of the portfolio.I am evoke in investment, and I study information technology in university. I want to combine two aspects for my final year devise. And I believe this project is very useful for my future career.I have read relative books, papers for getting the basic idea and concept of portfolio and data mining. In this project, I use many technical skills, methods and knowledge learnt from City University of Hong Kong in the past three years. Java programming is used to do the data preprocessing like normalization, financial calculation. It is also used to generate the combination of the portfolio and the simulation of K-means. MYSQL database is used to store the data of stocks and portfolio. The simulation result is also stored in the database.3. Objectives In this final year project, there are several objects 1. To investigate the characteristic of stocks in Hong Kong stock market. 2. To investigate the characteristic of different stock portfolios in Hong Kong stock market. 3. To determine that different combination of stocks how to affect the performance of the portfolio. 4. To investigate the strength and weakness of applying K-means on financial data.4. Report outlineThere are total 6 chapters in this give notice (of). Following this Chapter 1 Introduction, Chapter 2 Literature Review refers to related theories applied on the simulation, result analysis and discussion. Chapter 3 Simulation presents the methodology, project flow chaffer of the simulation. Chapter 4 Result Analysis will do the data processing of the result from the simulation. Chapter 5 Further Development will discuss the further phylogeny and improvement of the project. At the end, Chapter 6 Conclusion will do the co nclusion of the whole project.5. Chapter Summary This chapter mentions the background of the project. It also presents the motivation of this project and give the objective, report outline to the readers for better understanding of the project.

Marx’s Theory of Alienation

Sociology Es swan Assessment 1 Q. Outline and assess Marxs concept of Alienation Alienation, a concept that became astray k todayn during the 19th and 20th century has been looked at extensively by a number of leading theorists. Theorists such as Georg Hegel first used the view of estrangement as a philosophic appraisal, tho his take a leak was later grasped upon by theorists kn have got as Ludwig Feuerbach and more importantly Karl Marx. The world till now has been witness to a change in different social organises and forms in which hunting lodge operates. We as adult male creations must ask, what innovation do we serve indoors federation?What message do we have to sustain an effective or prosperous government agency of living? Marx believed we have been with different sparing stages and will power of the things we need to live, beginning with the times of the ancient to feudalism (land granted from the crown) to now where we have arrived at capitalism (private owne rship). He saw this as historical stages of organic evolution where each stage has the typesetters caseistics of a system of action and division of labour, forms of property ownership and a system of class relations (Morrison,K. 199540).This brought forward Marxs view of historical physicalism which centred on how to interpret the history of man contour and the development of one stage of society to the next. In turn it looks for reasons for changes in human society and how domain together get outd the necessary requirements to live. In relation to historical materialism there was another idea of dialectal materialism. This was a term used by Marx to study natural phenomena, the evolution of society and human thought itself as a process of development which rests upon motion and contradiction (Clapp,R Acc 10/11/2012).Marx further explains historical and dialectical materialism which will be looked at further in the essay. By beneathstanding how humans produce the necessities to live (historical materialism) and how a manner of reasoning helps us to see the growth in efficiency of economic orders where in turn they develop contradictions and weaknesses (dialectical materialism), we can begin to look at the idea of aberration and how it exists through expanding economic orders according to Marx. Alienation can be described as an idea where humans are dominated by forces of their own creation, which pose as alien powers (Coser 1977 Acc. 0/11/2012). It is seen that we are subject to psychological or emotional disengagement from the things we produce and the lavishness value that is gained, whole be it in the control of private owners in a capitalist climate. There are different focuss in which we are collapsed from these factors. They are the histrion from the output of labour, the actual activity of labour, members of society and from our species being. However both the doer and capitalist suffer forms of frenzy which will be discussed further .The purpose of this essay is to outline and assess Marxs theory of alienation where many forms of separation occur and how different members of society suffer from it, as well as taking into account how historical and dialectical ideas help to give a background to it. Karl Marx who was born in 1818 in Germany was considered as an unconventional theorist. His reputation for being a political economist, philosopher, revolutionary and founder of Communism did not bring people to the typical image of a sociologist.Marx was a strong believer in the materialistic understanding of factors such as social change, class conflict, labour and the organisation of production. He put forward approximately notions that would help him identify the materialist perspective. So what does historical materialism tell us about history? When using this idea to analyse society we are always looking at the economic base or structure of it. In order for society to live in this sense, we must be able to prod uce the necessities like food, shelter and raiment in order to do so. The act of production is one of the principle requirements to satisfy human economic needs.Marx also made a comparison of humans to animals where we as humans produce the means to satisfy our primary material needs. For this reason humans are different from animals because humans need to produce the means for survival and when done, they build an active conscious with nature in order to do so (Morrison, K. 199540). Another point was that the way humans produce depends on what is already there in nature and what they must to survive. If this is the case then(prenominal) how they exist and how they live will run parallel to what they produce and how they produce. Historical materialism was given a number of main concepts to look at.These were the means of production (necessitates for survival), relations of production (the link between producers and non-producers of physical labour) and the mode of production (cha nging the way of making a living). By taking these points into account we can see how an economic structure has been formed over different periods of time and how historical materialism helps to look at social processes of human economic work and how it will help give a background to the theory of alienation. Historical materialism serves a link to the dialectical way of thinking as Marx was the first person to merge materialism and dialectics together.The dialectics was a way of thinking to understand the world. Marx was mainly influenced by the theorist Hegel in his younger days, he was a pioneer in understanding philosophic logic through his process of dialectic. This involved looking at natural phenomena, the evolution of society and thought through motion and contradiction with a direct challenge to formal logic. Marx seen that the contradictions and oppositions were paramount to the whole analysis. For example in using dialectics imagine there is tension for a nurse trying to accommodate a client only when at the same time we write out she is trying to bring change for the client.Using this small scale example in the greater picture we can see that dialectics accepts reality as a lay out of opposing forces which exist at the same time (Estefan,A2002 Acc 10/11/2012). Moreover by understanding historical and dialectical materialism in nature, society or economy we are able to understand how through different economic periods it gives a background to Marxs theory of alienation. As we discuss alienation by Marx we first need to analyse the environment he sees it in. Capitalism is an economic system, whereby ownership of factories, materials and machinery for production is the property of private individuals.The term alienation relates to the special levels of separation that are seen through the production and increasing surplus value by doers. Marx had this idea that private property is the material summary expression of alienated labour. Marx highligh ted that labour power had a major value where the use of it by the capitalist was turned into surplus value. This labour is something that cannot be similar to work because it has a social relationship that can only identify with capitalism. What he is trying to say is that during the production of goods, physical effort (work) is changed into labour.With an increasing industrial demand for production workers are subject to exploitation, where they are required to work harder to meet demand but still for a wage not in proportion to the work carried out. The wage that the workers receive will fluctuate but will not be in proportion with the increase in productivity, the increased input turns into surplus value in which the capitalist owner takes in the form of profit. The relationship between the productivity of workers and the production of surplus value is therefore the more wealth he produces the less he will expect to see back or he will become all the poorer (Calhoun, Craig. 002 ). This shows us that an object which the worker produces becomes more distant from him as the bond created between the product and worker is lost, knowing that it will be owned or disposed of by another, the capitalist. In turn, the object that the worker has put a part of his life into stands against him as something alien. In all societies people use skills that have been gained over time to produce goods that they need to live, exchange or sell. This is not the case in a capitalist environment because the worker cannot use the things he produces to keep alive or to engage in further productive activityThe worker needs, no matter how desperate, do not give him a license to lay detention on what these same hands have produced, for all his products are the property of another (B Ollman, Alienation, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p143). This form of separation was highlighted by Marx as separation of the worker from the product of labour. He identified other main levels of separa tion within the idea of alienation. These consist of separation from the act of labour, from fellow members of society and from species being.When looking at separation from the activity of labour we mean that the worker is alienated by the lack of control in the process of production. This drainage of control completely restricts on how the worker can carry out his work. He is limited to a systematic process so the input of creativity almost becomes nothing as the worker would need to follow restrictions. With lack of input in the activity of labour, it would seem that an increased division of labour from the process would become more existent. For example in a car factory there would be a line to assemble a car together which consists of many different parts.With little say in the process the worker may be restricted to assembling only the tyres on the car. The activity would be a repetitive process and would separate the worker from the rest of the production line and in essence from his natural being as his potential is not being utilised. A third locution of alienation is that man is a species-being. Marx argues that humans come across as social animals where he states man makes his life activity itself the object of his will and of his consciousness. He has conscious life activity.It is not a determination with which he directly merges. Conscious life activity distinguishes man immediately from animal life activity. It is further because of this he is a specious-being (Calhoun, Craig. 2002. 38). What Marx is saying here is that we as humans have the ability to consciously interact with the world around us and it is in our character to do so. Also, the main thing that separates us from the animal world is that we know who we are and have a personal conscious of our self with a kind of relation to the natural world.In terms of capitalist relations of production when our labour is used, we are displaced from our species being as it turns labour into a phy sical act. We are in effect revoked from what nature has favoured us for over animal life. Also, by converting conscious being into physical being it makes human labour like the labour of animals (Morrison, K. 1995. 96). With this kind of alienation by being taken from our specious being we become creatures of physical activity all in tandem with the drive for profit for the capitalist owner.However under capitalism the development of production methods results in specialised division of labour which with some difference can increase societys ability to produce, but the benefits in turn will flow in the favour the few private owners. The fourth factor of alienation that Marx brought forward is that from fellow humans and from our human social community. Those who live in a capitalist society are separated from fellow members as a class structure becomes evident.There is a structure of those who work and those who exploit the workers so for this reason Marx feels we are alienated fro m fellow members. Those in the capitalist society are only partially connected by the way of the market. In the market members will come to buy and sell goods that they produce or sell so by looking at it this way individuals are not connected properly but as separated representatives of different relations of production in competition with each other. We can then see the different forms of alienation that Marx sees existent in a capitalist society.The theory of alienation has taken many forms and laid down many points, but it may be important to consider a few criticisms that may exist within it. By looking at it from a modern-day perspective, some may consider that the concept is not fully defined in the sense that working for someone else or above with free movement is difficult. A main feature of Capitalism is that property rights and freedom of contract is what strengthens it. In a contract of employment if a worker is not satisfied with a job then it is possible for them to l eave with notice and look for work elsewhere or even start up their own business.This level of autonomy in decision making is what one may argue shines light on capitalism. The government may play a role in alienate the capitalist owner as it may be through legislation that they need to follow specific rules. In turn it will filter through to the worker and that feeling of degradation may be situated elsewhere. In defence of the private owners the hate feeling of workers may point at the awry(p) direction when it is other factors that have contributed to their change.For example in 1912 employees went on strike from a textile factory in Massachusetts, U. S. A when owners reduced wages referable to the reduction of working hours by the state from 56 to 54 hours. As the root of the change was the state, it should be them that are targeted not the owner. Marxs theory of alienation therefore contests that in modern industrial production under a capitalist system workers will eventua lly lose control of their lives by the sweep over conditions they are faced with at work.Through the different degrees of separation be it from the product of labour, the activity of labour, from species being or from fellow members of society Marx attempts to show that under the conditions of modern factory production the average worker is just like a cog in a machine where it is continuously worked and replaced by swarms of other parts. The in the altogether workers perform repetitive tasks which are closely under watch and with them they dont have control over production, the products of labour and relations with each other. As a result the worker is taken away from his human nature.Overall, the role and conditions for the labourer has changed through time along with the changes in economic systems. Word think 2,475 Bibliography (B Ollman, Alienation, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p143) * (B Ollman, Alienation, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p143) Calhoun, Craig. (2002) . Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. In Classical Sociological Theory. Massachusetts Blackwell. 35. * (Calhoun, Craig. 2002. 35) * (Calhoun, Craig. 2002. 38) Coser. (197750-53) Alienation. Available http//www. cf. ac. uk/socsi/undergraduate/introsoc/marx7. html. Last accessed 10/11/2012. (Coser 1977 Acc. 10/11/2012) Clapp, R. An mental hospital to Dialectical Materialism. Available http//www. marxism. org. uk/pack/dialetics. html. Last accessed 10/11/2012. * (Clapp,R Acc 10/11/2012) Estefan, A. (2002). Dialectical Thinking. Available http//www. palgrave. com/nursinghealth/mcallister/suggestions_thinking/example%20of%20teaching%20dialectical%20thinking. htm. Last accessed 10/11/2012. * (Estefan,A2002 Acc 10/11/2012) Morrison, K. (1995). Laws of Historical development. In Morrison, K Formations of Modern Social Thought. London SAGE. 40. * (Morrison, K. 1995. 40) * (Morrison, K. 1995. 96)

Animal Mitochondrial Genome

One of the most essential organelles in the animal cell is the mitochondrion, as it is not only the center of ATP production, it as well have a phylogenetic value that reveals taxonomic births among organisms. These ar rod-shaped organelles convert oxygen and glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), otherwise cognise as the chemical energy currency of the cell that powers the cells metabolic activities. This kind of respiration is termed aerobiotic and it supplies energy to most cellular activities.This mode of respiration is more efficient than in the absence of oxygen as anaerobic respiration can only produce two ATPs, as opposed to the 36-38 ATPs produced by the aerobic mode. This is why higher life forms are adapted to utilize oxygen for their ATP production (Davidson, 2004). Mitochondria are hypothesized by scientist to have developd from a symbiotic relationship between aerobic bacteria and primordial eukaryotic cells (Wallace, 2005), otherwise known as the endosymbion t theory. It percentages in common physiological processes such as metabolism, apoptosis, disease, and aging. Being the primary site where aerophilic phosphorylation occurs, these double-membrane organelles are efficient in aerobic respiration which allows eukaryotic cells to generate the necessary amount of ATP (Chan, 2006).The mitochondrion maintains its own puzzle of genes although most of its proteins (about 900) are synthesized within and imported from the nuclear genome necessary for its respiratory function (Wallace, 2005).The genome contained by this subcellular organelle separate from the nuclear chromatin is otherwise referred to as the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Particularly in animals, mtDNAs commonly have a closed-circular molecule, with the exception of certain classes containing linear mtDNA chromosomes (Boore, 1998).These extrachromosomal genomes contain 37 genes composed of 13 protein subunits for enzymes cryptograph for oxidative phosphorylation, two ribosomal RNAs of mitochondrial ribosome, and 22 tRNAs for protein translation. Together with proteins and RNAS synthesized in the cytoplasm, products of these 37 genes allow the mitochondrion to possess its own system facilitating DNA transcription, translation, mRNA processing and protein translation. This circular genome is comprised of a mixture of covalently closed circular monomers and different amounts of concatenated dimers and higher oligomers (Burger et al., 2002).Genes contained in the animal mitochondrion are usually encoded on both strands. The H-strand, or the heavy strand, and the L-strand, or the light strand, are these two mentioned strands that comprise the genome. Their names are derived from their molecular weight differences caused by their varying base compositions. 12 out of the 13 protein coding genes comprise the H-strand while only the single gene left belongs to the L-strand. The genome also contains noncoding regions which are restricted to certain areas known as the D-Loop (Shadel and Clayton 1997).These two strands, the H-strand and the L-strand, originated within the D-Loop, or the displacement loop, region and within a cluster of five tRNA genes respectively. The entire replication process only commences in the initiation of the H-strand synthesis, while the L-strand lags behind. The L-strand synthesis can only begin when two-thirds of the H-strand synthesis across the circular genome is already completed. Therefore, only in the intiation of H-strand synthesis can mtDNA start replicating. Aside from its mentioned function, the D-Loop region is also the location of two transcriptional promoters (HSP and LSP), one for each strand of mtDNA. Synthesis of polycistronic transcripts for the expression of the majority or all of the genes encoded in each strand are enjoin by these promoters (Chang and Clayton, 1985).Scientists have speculated that the mitochondria are derived from eubacterial endosymbionts. This is due to the possession of mito chondria their own genetic material (DNA) and their own system for genetic expression. Although mitochondria are contained in species belognoing to different kingdoms, they rear considerable differences and even reveal phylogenetic relationships and distances.There are characteristic variations among the three major kingdoms Animalia, Eukaryomycota, and Plantae (including protests). Among animals, their mitochondrial genome is relatively small, having an approximate measurement between 16 and 19 kb, and are compactly arranged as they lack introns or spacer regions. Fungal mtDNAs are considerably larger that animal mtDNAs. Their size is within the range of 17-176 kb and they encode more gene sequences than those of animals.It can be observed that the size range is quite vast, reflecting great variations in genome size. This is not due to coding capacities, or else it can be attributed to the presence of varying sizes of introns and spacer regions. In the case of plants, the genome size range is even more variable as it spans 16 to 2400 kb. Its mtDNA is distinctly characterized by a wide variety of gene content and molecular bodily structure, and the variation of the length of spacer regions and introns (Ohta et al., 1998).One of the most extensively studied group are those of the protists. Their mtDNAs are considered medium in size with a measurement range of 6 to 77 kb. Most of protist genomes are compact having little or no non-coding regions. Although present, intergenic spacers are sparse and are generally small, with some coding regions overlapping. There is an general high concentration of Adenine and Thymine that are particularly elevated in non-coding intergenic regions (Gray et al., 1997).Mitochondrial genome composition in vertebrates predominantly includes a standard set of genes coding for 13 inner mitochondrial membrane proteins for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation functions. Included genes for this function are nad1-6 and 4L, co b, cox1-3 and atp6 and 8. Genes for both large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) rRNAs are also contained within the animal mitochondrial genome.The mentioned set of mtDNA-encoded genes (plus atp9) is also found in fungal organisms such as Allomyces macrogynus mtDNAs. However, particular ascomycete fungi such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe lack all nad genes. Both animal and fungal mtDNAs do not encode a 5S rRNA nor, with the exception of rps3 in A. macrogynus mtDNA, do they carry any ribosomal protein genes. Terrestrial plants contain mitochondrial genomes with a a couple of(prenominal) extra respiratory chain protein genes such as nad9 and atp1 in M.polymorpha. But the most distinct variation of the plant mtDNA from the animal and fungal mtDNAs is the presence of both the 5S rRNA (Gray et al., 1997).Animal mtDNA sequences are found to evolve rapidly however they maintain their genetic arrangements for long periods of evolutionary time. A notable example is the identical arran gement of humans and trouts. Although there are few exceptions, gene arrangements are considered stable within major taxonomic groups but are variable between them. We can potentially utilize these data comparisons in reconciling phylogenetic conflicts. Greater differences would entail divergence among the taxa. Comparisons of mitochondrial gene arrangements have provided convincing phylogenies in several cases where all other data were equivocal, including the relationships among major groups of echinoderms and arthropods (Burger et al., 2002).Although studies in mitochondrial genomes of different taxonomic groups are still inconclusive, it still holds a large potential in revolutionizing the taxonomic field. It has opened avenue for prospective discoveries on the before long unknown areas of biological sciences. Therefore, mitochondrial genome research studies are yet to reach their pinnacle and would surely still be an essential focus of phylogenetic sciences.BibliographyBoore, J.L. (1998) Animal Mitochondrial Genomes. Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (8), 1999, pp.1767-1780.Burger, G., Forget, L., Zhu, Y., Gray, M.W., and Lang, B.F. (2002) Uniquemitochondrial genome architecture in unicellular relatives of animals. PNAS, 100 (3), 04 February, pp. 892-897.Chan, D.C. (2006) Mitochondria Dynamic Organelles in Disease, Aging, and Development.Cell. No. 125, 30 June, pp. 1241-1252.Chang, D. and Clayton, D. (1985) Priming of human mitochondrial DNA replication occursat the light-strand promoter. Biochemistry. Vol. 82, January, pp. 351-355.Davidson, M. (2004) Mitochondria Internet, Florida State University. Available fromhttp//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.htmlGray, M., Lang, B.F., Cedergren, R., Golding, G.B.,Lemieux, Sankoff, C.D., Turmel, M., Brossard, N., Delage, E.,Littlejohn, T.G., Plante, I., Rioux, P., Saint-Louis, D., Zhu, Y. andBurger, G. (1997) Genome structure and gene content in protest mitochondrial DNAs. Nucleic Acids Research. 26 (4), 1998, pp. 865-878.Ohta, N., Sato, N., and Kuroiwa, T. (1998) Structure and Organization fo the MitochondrialGenome of the Unicellular Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae Deduced from the Complete Nucleotide Sequence. Nucleic Acids Research. 26 (22), 24 September, pp. 5190-5198.Shadel, G. S., and D. A. Clayton. (1997) Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in vertebrates.Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66409435.Wallace, D.C. (2005). A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases,aging, and cancer A dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu Rev Genet. 39, pp. 359407

The Greenhouse Effect Essay

RationaleThe Greenhouse Effect is a term that refers to a physical property of the Earths cash machine. If the Earth had no atmosphere, its modal(a) surface temperature would be very low of about 18 rather than the comfortable 15 found today. The difference in temperature is due to a entourage of gases called greenhouse gases which affect the overall energy balance of the Earths system by absorbing infrared radiation. In its existing state, the Earth atmosphere system balances absorption of solar radiation by emission of infrared radiation to space (Climatological Information Service).The greenhouse effect of the atmosphere has never been doubted. most of the suns radiation is visible light, which passes through the atmosphere largely undeterred. When the radiation strikes the earth, it warms the surface, which then radiates the heat as infrared radiation. However, atmospheric CO2, water vapor, and somewhat other gases absorb the infrared radiation rather than allow it to pass und eterred through the atmosphere to space (Titus, J. G., et. al.).A balance of naturally occurring gases discharge in the atmosphere determines the Earths climate by trapping solar heat. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect. As sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the inbound solar radiation is eradiated from the Earths surface as heat energy. Greenhouse gases trap some of this reradiated energy, which warms the Earth (The greenhouse effect, etc.).ObjectivesThe aim of this seminar series is to garter develop an emerging field at the intersection of multi-disciplinary understandings of greenhouse effect. It will also help educated participants to develop environmental awareness and integrate in applying theories and management skills for future generation.